Economy of Words, from 2026, gives a hand-drawn card to each of the 2,048 words in the English BIP39 list, the vocabulary used to write down crypto wallet recovery phrases.
The work takes words that were chosen for a machine and hands them back to people, who value them for reasons no specification can measure.
Each card shows one word, drawn by hand and held in a graded case. A rule gives every word a grade from its length, first letter, letter values and position in the list, across ten bands. Each card was auctioned from $1 for 20 hours and 48 minutes. Winners then had 2,048 minutes to choose between the physical card and a synthetic version on Ethereum. Synthetic cards wear with trading. Fewer than three sales and a card stays mint.
Ed Ruscha has been painting single words since the early 1960s, picking them for their sound and shape. Lawrence Weiner made language his material and let it stand on walls by itself. Economy of Words adds a market to that line. The grade is the institution's judgment, and the bids are the public's. The two rarely agree.
Why would someone pay more for one word than another when both unlock the same thing?
Why these words
BIP39 specifies how mnemonic word sequences can encode information used to generate wallet keys. The English list has 2,048 entries. An isolated word on one of these cards is not itself money or a wallet key.
The work removes the words from their technical sequence and asks what associations a person brings to each one. This differs from ranking them by their role in the specification.3
Grading and bidding
The project documentation describes scores based on word length, initial letter, letter value and list position. Ten grade bands turn these measures into rarity. The grade represents a rule, not an appraisal of the drawing's condition.
Each auction opened at $1 and ran for 20 hours and 48 minutes, with extensions for late bids. Participants could value a word for reasons the grading system could not capture.2
Choosing a material form
The studio offered winners 2,048 minutes after closing to choose between a physical card and a synthetic version on Ethereum. The choice then locked. This makes material form part of the collector's decision, rather than treating the digital work only as a receipt for a physical object.1
Condition
Synthetic cards wear in proportion to how many times they have traded.
Fewer than three sales and a card keeps its mint condition.
Condition metadata went live on 10 July 2026. One card had traded four times: REGRET.
Physical cards shipped on 7 August 2026.4
Development
The studio catalogues the word-card project and its auction procedure. Source
Cards
Images
Sources and further reading
Artist statements describe intention. Reporting and interviews record different perspectives; exhibition announcements establish specific presentations. How sources are classified.
1. Artist / studio · Preserved primary-source excerpts
Economy of Words: Preserved studio catalogue excerpts
Selected passages from the public catalogue before this editorial revision. These preserve the artist's account; their inclusion is not independent corroboration. The capture date is not the work's creation date.
2. Artist / studio · Project rules and artist statement
What it is · Economy of Words
Explains scoring and the auction design. It contains launch-stage language and should not be read as a final results ledger. Its 2018 date for Visualize Value conflicts with the existing portfolio and AOTM's 2019 account.
3. Technical reference · Technical specification
BIP 39: Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys
Supports the explanation of mnemonic encoding and word lists. It does not establish broader claims about the scope of digital money.
4. Artist / studio · Posts on X
Economy of Words: condition
Cards show wear in proportion to how many times they have traded. Only cards with fewer than 3 sales keep mint condition. Condition metadata went live on 10 July 2026. Physical cards shipped 7 August 2026.